The Death Penalty Two Wrongs Dont Make a Right Essay

â€Å"To take a life when a life has been lost is revenge, not justice,† stated Desmond Tutu. In 2011, studies found out that in the state of California, they’ve spent over four billion dollars on capital punishments since 1978. Trials that can result in the death penalty are 20 times more expensive on tax payers than those that can’t. The death penalty should be abolished world-wide. There are plenty of reasons that the death penalty should be outlawed. Cost, wrongful convictions and executions of innocent people, and the suffering of the accused are the main reasons (EJUSA, n.d.). To begin, most people do not realize that carrying out one death penalty costs roughly 20 times more than keeping that same criminal in prison for their life. The†¦show more content†¦But this time the digital footprints were found too late and the suspect has already been set free. Are police paying enough attention to browser breadcrumbs?† During the trial, investigators found other Google searches on Casey’s computer which included chloroform, chest trauma, internal bleeding, how to make chloroform, and neck breaking. Maybe if this evidence wasn’t missed, Casey wouldn’t have been acquitted. Although there are many different types of execution, they are all questionable in terms of humanity. â€Å"Execution by lethal injection is the most common method used to put condemned inmates to death today,† (Charlene Hall.) During a lethal injection, the inmate is put on a gurney and have their ankles and wrists restrained. Then, an IV is placed in both arms. When the warden signals, a large dose of sodium thiopental (anesthetic) is given which causes unconsciousness. After that, pancuronium bromide (muscle-relaxer) is injected and it paralyzes the lungs and diaphragm. When this is performed, the inmate’s respiratory system slows down. Last, potassium chloride is introduced, which causes cardiac arrest. In some cases, the executioner has a hard time finding a vein. In a certain case, a man named Stephen McCoy went through great pain. He lurched forward, pulling the gurney up with him, said Karen Zellars, it was so violent that a news reporter behind me passed out cold on the floor. Dr. Edward Brunner from Northwestern University MedicalShow MoreRelatedWhen It Comes To The Death Penalty. Many People Around1522 Words   |  7 Pages  When it comes to the death penalty. Many people around the U.S. agree to have it, as to some don’t want the death penalty in some states. As will explain the difference of having the death penalty as to the good side and bad sides of the death penalty. The first information that I found is about the percentage of the inmates that are in death row. The first is the African americans that have 43.5%, as to 27 inmates. Next up is the latino’s as they have 11.3%   and they have 7 inmates. Whites haveRead MoreDeath Penalty Is The Last Legal Resource Of Justice1472 Words   |  6 Pagesmotivating factor . This essay will explore the most credible and valid arguments that justify death penalty as the last legal resource of justice. When I write about something, I am really writing about my point of view. Then, I need to start this essay writing about who criminal really deserve death penalty. For me, death penalty is the last resource of justice, just applicable when criminals: - don’t have regrets - have the tendency to repeat the crime - the criminal act is so inhuman that destroyRead MoreCapital Punishment: Is It Right or Wrong?883 Words   |  4 PagesAt first thought it may seem that capital punishment is the right thing to do. But what most people don’t realize is that it is injustice and wrong. Capital punishment has been around since the middle ages and is used today to kill people who commit crimes it varies from state to state but one of the main crimes to receive the death penalty is murder. Also the U.S.A. has used capital punishment from it’s beginning it started with hanging and it’s changed over the years there have been many differentRead MoreAn Ethical Analysis Of Against Capital Punishment1392 Words   |  6 Pagescompares and contrasts the two different ethical perspectives for and against Capital Punishment. Capital Punishment is a very sensitive subject because it touches on many important topics such as justice, costs, humaneness and religion. People have different perspe ctives on these topics so it’s hard for everyone to agree on what we think the right thing is. Justice Most people that are for Capital Punishment believe that â€Å"Justice is better served† when the offender is put to death (Messerli, 2011). HoweverRead More Death Penalty Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesDeath Penalty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When turning on the television, radio, or simply opening the local newspaper, people are bombarded with news of arrests, murders, homicides, and other such tragedies. I believe murder, including the death penalty, is the worst thing that anyone could do. Since Hammurabi first introduced the notion of â€Å"An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth†, people have been arguing over whether this is just punishment. Those in favor of the death penalty argue that people should pay for theRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is an Outdated Form of Punishment1691 Words   |  7 PagesThe Death Penalty is an Outdated Form of Punishment The protective authority is becoming cleverer to stopping crimes and is still increasing for the past years. With the punishment of the death penalty crimes have not been decreasing. In fact the crime in the United States are 5 times more than Australia and Britain. The death penalty is an outdated form of punishment and should be abolished because it is cruel and unusual. With the death penalty enacted criminals have been killed for their crimesRead MoreCapital Punishment Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pagesfacts about the death penalty. I intend to explore the question whether capital punishment should be reintroduced. To illustrate my viewpoints on the subject, I will be using a lot of facts about countries that still have this punishment, also some bad and good reasons why we should or shouldnt have it. In some ways I believe in capital punishment for people who have done wrong and know what they are doing. However also I dont think the death penalty should be usedRead MoreCapital Punishment Essay example710 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment Lets keep society safe and give murderers what they deserve - the death penalty. In this essay I will hope to set out both sides of the argument, for and against Capital Punishment. The advantages and the disadvantages will be considered in conjunction with Christian teachings and belief. The Christian teachings, Old Testament and New Testament will also be compared with human reactions to the subject. From my research and analysis inRead MoreDeath Penalty in the US776 Words   |  3 Pagesbetter options than just prison. There are so many pro’s as to why we as a country need the death penalty. One of those reasons are, it provides closure for the victims, and or family members. The death penalty ensures families, and surviving victims that the murderer will be not be able to strike again. For example, a surviving victim will never feel closure unless the murderer himself is put to death. Meanwhile, the less fortunate ones who were murdered, raped, kidnapped, and etc. will never findRead More Capital Punishment In The United States Essay examples1586 Words   |  7 PagesDefenders of the death penalty often claim that the execution of criminals will teach others not to do bad, initially decreasing crime rates. Unfortunately, statistics prove that thought to be wrong. Capital punishment also has great flaws. For example, many innocent people have been put to death because of capital punishment. There also is no consistency. Two of the same crimes can be convicted in two different states and the consequences with be different for both offenders. The death penalty shows to

John Locke And Thomas Hobbes - 1287 Words

In every civilization, there should be a set way of life and guidelines to follow. There should also be a ruler or someone in charge. The ruler should follow a specific way or procedure in order to rule. There should also be rules that the people under the ruler need to obey. The governing body of a nation, state, or community is classified as a government. In order to run a proper political system, one must know how to balance and consider the nature of humankind and their rights. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were both political philosophers who developed theories about how the government should work. They set up their theories around The Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes had a similar goal, their beliefs and opinions were definitely not the same. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both believed in the Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. They both developed and worked their theories and philosophies around Saint Thomas Aquinas definition of the Natural Law. Natural Law are basically a system of laws that people are guaranteed. Natural laws include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness or property. The Social Contract Theory is the view that persons moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. Even though both philosophers believed in these two theories they had different views and interpretations. John Locke has a very organized andShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes886 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscuss the differences in political theories expressed by both John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. In, Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes, and in, The Second Treatise of Government, by John Locke different theories of political legitimacy and defini tions of the state of nature are described. The following paragraphs analyze multiple different points that are imperative to understanding these political theories. In the reading, Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes discusses what human existence is in the state of nature andRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke911 Words   |  4 Pagessocial contract theory, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke established many of the founding ideals that contemporary Liberalism is based on. While the shared many similar positions, there are some key distinctions to be made between the arguments Hobbes and Locke make in Leviathan and Second Treatise of Civil Government, respectively. In this paper I will argue the differences between how each of them viewed the right of the subjects to revolt from the sovereign. Thomas Hobbes published his most famousRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesEifling-Question 4 Hobbes and Locke During and after the English Revolution, a few philosophers expressed different views on their philosophical outlook and life experiences. Some of the most outstanding thinkers include Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. They had opposing views on governance matters, but the two, also, had striking similarities. In addition, the two represented an increasingly modernized European population that despised absolute kingship. Both Hobbes and Locke proposed a conceptionRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1346 Words   |  6 PagesContracts Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English political philosophers, who have had a lasting impact on modern political science. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both spent much of their lives attempting to identify the best form of government. Locke and Hobbes were among the most prominent of theorists when it came to social contract and human rights. A Social Contract is an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, are the twoRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1494 Words   |  6 Pages1) Thomas Hobbes and John Locke share the basic assumption that a theory based off of abstract individualism, consent, sovereignty and reason will produce a peaceful and productive society. This theory is the liberal political theory, which is the philosophy of individual rights and a limited government. Both Hobbes and Locke both center the majority of their ideas off of how people’s lives should be based off of nature rights instead of natural law. This being said, people are also subject to theRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke928 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is no formed society, government, laws, safety, etc. both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke take this into perspective while introducing a political view. As illustrated by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels, they proposed political views on how human nature can prosper. Initially, Thomas Hobbes introduces a concept on the state of nature and its effects as well as how peace can be achieved. In Leviathan, Hobbes defines what living in a state of nature would be like and theRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke888 Words   |  4 Pagesare very similar but diverge in the moments that solidify their stance on their opinion. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke is both political scientist who have made strides in the area of social contracts and share being natural law theorist also. Locke and all other natural law theorists assumed that man was by nature a social animal and there fore struck contracts with each other to secure safety among them. Hobbes assumed differently, thus his verdicts are very different from other natural law theoristsRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1426 Words   |  6 PagesBy the second half of the 17th Century, England would experience one of the bloodiest conflicts in its history, ultimately serving to influence some of the mo st phenomenal political philosophers in Europe --Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke. England was in constant unrest, choosing new forms of government almost on a whim in desperate attempts to restore order in the Country. The English Civil War in 1642 etched a legacy of dread in the people of England, and the war only appeared more disastrous andRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmajority. The following pages show how modern social contract theory especially that of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, grew into the divisive issue it is in contemporary political philosophy. Modern social contract theory can trace its roots to prominent thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. It is their thoughts on social contracts that lie at the center of the many spheres we are a part of. For Hobbes and Locke, social contract theory sought to analyze the relationship between rulers and the ruledRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1361 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English thinkers in the seventeenth-century who s ideas became a key to the Enlightenment. Baron de Montesquieu and Voltaire were philosophers who applied the methods of science to understand and improve society. Thomas Hobbes believed in a powerful government. He believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish, and if they were not strictly controlled they would commit crimes and abuse one another. He believed that life with no government would be

Critical Essay Red Badge Of Courage Example For Students

Critical Essay Red Badge Of Courage Throughout every major time period and every piece of literature there has come to be a stance in the community of the church and how it was displayed to the public eye. The novel, The red badge of courage by Steven Crane, has this imagery of the church and its religion, which is evident in particular instances spread through the novel. Crane uses this imagery not only to entertain the reader with pungent detail, but also to enhance the readers involvement in the novel. The first major use of this religious imagery appears at the end of the seventh chapter. After running at length, he reached a place where the high, arching boughs made a chapel. Near the threshold he stopped, horror-stricken at the sight. He was being looked at by a dead man who was seated with his back against a column-like tree.(46) The stark irony of a rotten corpse in a backdrop such as the isolated chapel deep in the forest works well with its explicit detail and the realization it brings to Henry about just how real the war is. This also brings about a great feeling of loneliness, which is one of the many stages that Henry goes through during the story. Henry feels isolated by his cowardly actions.Trying to justify his act of running, he compares himself to a squirrel that ran from an acorn that he had just thrown. By saying that it was just because of the natural inclination of self-preservation, Henry makes himself feel a little better, but there is still that element of unclarity that he faces. That element however will be a Godsend to Henry, because it will indirectly leads him to his next stage of his consciencenes, acceptance of the war. Before he reaches that next stage of enlightenment, he spends a lot of time with other soldiers. Just by being around them, he sees how religious some soldiers are. When faced with the fact that they could die at any moment, the soldiers become very spiritual and faith filled. Gawd. I swear t Gawd I will. (53-54) It is easy to see what war can do to the human nature that these soldiers once had. It has turned them from ordinary men to trained killers. They soon realize after the first battle the difference between the reality of brutal war and the dillusions of grandeur they once had of becoming heroes. Another major use of religious imagery is shown through Henrys thoughts when Jim Conklin is on his deathbed. Jim, the tall soldier, was overcome with the fear that the artillery on wheels will decapitate him. He tells this to Henry, who ends up helping Jim to an isolated spot in the woods so he can die with dignity. Ill take care of yeh, Jim! Ill take care of yeh! I swear tGawd I will! Jim, Jim, come with me, inteh th fields. (53-55) Jim and Henry both know he is dying, and Henry helps Jim to the area with bushes so he can die like a man. After Jim dies, Henry realizes the toll it has taken on him. Jim represented the comfort and authority Henry had depended on, and also it was a loss of a friend he had had since childhood. This source of comfort was gone, leaving henry more alone that ever, and making him more dependent on other things, like God. It isnt until later that Henry realizes the similarities between Jim Conklin and none other than the Son of God himself, Jesus Christ. The first thing that Henry notices is that they both share the same initials and considers this ironic. The similarities, however are not just superficial.Henry also noticed how they both were leaders, who would not stand idle as their followers are killed. Both had the initiative to take action for what they believed in. .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db , .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db .postImageUrl , .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db , .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db:hover , .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db:visited , .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db:active { border:0!important; } .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db:active , .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u89e302696811a77eb5e0318a91abf8db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hopi Indians And Their Pottery EssayThe Red Badge of Courage displayed not the religious views of all America, but the views of a small community, seeing as America is one gigantic melting pot of races and religions. This novel focuses on the trials an inexperienced regiment of soldiers faces, and how they cope with them. Some chose to forget the world outside of war, and others turned to God for the answers they seeked. But only those devoted to find alternatives to war became truly enlightened.

Ritz Carlton Essay Example For Students

Ritz Carlton Essay In 1983, President and COO, Horst Schulze, decided upon a strategy to manage the Ritz Carlton in order to compete on quality. The strategy affected the entire organization, with significant differences in:Defining traits of all company products defined in the company CredoTranslating the Credo into basic standards to clarify the responsibilities for employeesPersonally train employees the new Ritz-Carlton Credo and basic standards (the Gold Standards)Aggressively instilling a passion for excellenceFive years later, Schulze began using the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award criteria to develop a system of business excellence. This system used the Deming Wheel in order to achieve optimum performance levels throughout the organization. With these new policies in place, Schulze lead Ritz Carlton to the first recipient of the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award for Service. The 1999 Ritz-Carlton application summary is as follows:Criteria 1: Leadership Plan There are seven speci fic decisions collectively made by Senior Leaders to set direction for business excellence:10 year visionStrategy5 year missionMethods3 year objectiveFoundation1 year tacticThe senior leaders formed the Gold Standards, which are comprised of the Credo, The Basics, Three Steps of Service, the Motto, and the Employee Promise. Together, the Gold Standards have the ability to empower employees to take initiative in thinking and acting with innovation and independence, for the overall benefit of not only the company, but the customers as well. Do Specific actions by senior leaders in order to properly manage the new leadership approach are made up of three salient processes:Ensuring each new hotels goods and services are characteristic of all other Ritz Carltons on opening day. The results of seven specific decisions defined at the annual strategic planning process are arranged in a pyramid and distributed throughout the organizationThe Gold Standards are reinforced daily in a myriad of ways. Check Leadership effectiveness is evaluated on key questions of the Ritz-Carltons semiannual employee satisfaction results and also through audits on public responsibility. Act Gaps in leadership effectiveness are addressed with development/training plans. For widespread deficiencies, the corporate human resource department develops and improves courses, processes, or facilities. Criteria 2: Strategic PlanningPlan An extensive analysis is performed to understand the current state of the macro environment in which the Ritz-Carlton operates. Using the Macro-Environment Analysis, Senior Leaders confirm or make changes to the 10-year vision, 5-year mission, strategy, methods, and foundation. Discrepancies identified in the analysis are used to create the 3-year objectives. Do Specific actions by Senior Leaders to deploy the 3-year objectives are as follows:Develop production processesDeploy support processesDevelop preliminary plans/budgetsFinalize the Ritz-Carlton pyramid plan and budgetsReinforce the pyramid concept/plan/budgetsCommunicate the pyramid concept to the employeesExecute plansOn-going daily lineup reinforcement Evaluate/improve planning processesConduct monthly reviews of plans at all levels and collect necessary information for the next cycleCheck Upper management conducts monthly performance reviews of the strategic plan, focusing on pre-established performance measurements of the 3-year objectives as well as key processes. The information allows the Ritz-Carlton to make improvements and benchmarking comparisons. Criteria 3: Customer and Market FocusPlan Customer and market focus concentrates on the information needed for hotel development and operation. Needs include determination of market segments, identifying potential customers, relative priorities of customers, demand forecast, individual dissatisfaction of customers, widespread dissatisfaction of customers, competitive quality status, and opportunities for improving quality. Much of this information requires analysis and special studies. Do Specific actions taken by the Ritz-Carlton Sales and Marketing Leaders to organize research conclusions include:The Six Ps concept, which creates a vision of well-being from the purchase of Ritz-Carlton products: Problem, Product, Promises, Personal Advantage, Positioning, and Price/Value. Albert Einstein and His Theories EssayCriteria 7: Business Results7.1Customer Focused ResultsStatistically, customer and employee satisfaction data comparisons are considerably different from the competition at the 95% confidence level. Surveys are administered and produced by objective and independent outside third-party research consultants, and analyzed against world class and Baldridge winning companies. Externally, the Ritz-Carlton uses J.D. Power and Associates to measure overall customer satisfaction versus their foremost competitor. Individual guest satisfaction is also measured both internally and externally using a variety of surveys. 7.2Financial and Market ResultsThe Ritz-Carltons measures of financial performance fall into a number of different categories including earnings before income taxes, depreciation and amortization, and return on investment. They measure administrative costs as a percentage of total fees, profit and revenue, and generate an analysis of the percentage of gross profit versus their main competitors. 7.3Human Resource ResultsRitz-Carltons employee well-being and satisfaction are measured through their Employee Satisfaction Survey. Responses are analyzed and compared to service company norms. Turnover has decreased from 77% in 1989 to 30% in 2000. The industry average is currently just over 50% (RCHC/Kaznova Consultants). Positive trends are a result of increasingly improved selection and training processes as well as drivers of employee satisfaction. 7.4Supplier and Partner ResultsThe Ritz-Carlton ensures that performance requirements of their suppliers are met through a thorough Supplier Compliance and Quality survey that measures key aspects of supplier quality. Purchasing personnel at each hotel fill out the survey every six months and rate specific issues, for example, fit for use, accuracy and service, etc. Suppliers who achieve an 80% or better overall rating on all attributes meet Ritz-Carltons quality requirements. 7.5Organizational Effectiveness ResultsRitz-Carltons C.A.R.E. program of systematic preventive maintenance has kept their property and equipment at world-class levels at reduced costs. This is in line with their goal of pursuing a defect-free environment. With unemployment at a low and significant competition for skilled workers, the Ritz-Carlton embarked on a major project to improve the cycle time from when a potential new-hire walks in the door and a job offer is tendered. Using scientific quality approaches, the Ritz-Carlton has improved cycle time from 21 days in 1996 to just 1 day in 1999.

Biochemistry Problems and Solutions Essay Example

Biochemistry Problems and Solutions Paper Because the rise per residue in an a helix is 1. K the length is 477 A (318*1. 5). (b) Eighteen residues in each strand (40 minus 4 divided by 2) are in a ; sheet conformation. Because the rise per residue is the length is 63 A. 2. Contrasting isomers . Poly-L-Lucien in an organic solvent such as dioxide is a-helical, whereas poly-l_-silencing is not, Why do these amino acids with the same number and kinds to atoms have different helix-forming tendencies? Mans: The methyl group attached to the carbon of silencing statically interferes with a helix formation. In Lucien, this methyl group is attached to the y carbon atom, which is farther from the main chain and once does not interfere. 3. Active again A mutation that changes an Elaine residue in the interior of a protein to a valise is found to lead to a loss of activity. However, activity is regained when a second mutation at a different position changes an silencing residue to a glycerin. How might this second mutation lead to a restoration Of activity? Mans: The first mutation destroys activity because valise occupies more space than Elaine, and so the protein must take a different shape. We will write a custom essay sample on Biochemistry Problems and Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Biochemistry Problems and Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Biochemistry Problems and Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second mutation restores activity because of a compensatory reduction of volume; glycerin is smaller than silencing. 4 Shuffle test (! Ã'Ÿi) . An enzyme that catalysts disulfide-slothfully exchange reactions, called protein disulfide isomerism (POI, has been isolated. Inactive scrambled ribonucleic is rapidly converted into enigmatically active ribonucleic by POI. In contrast, insulin is rapidly inactivated by POI. What does this important observation imply about the relation between the amino acid sequence of insulin and its three-dimensional structure? Mans: The native conformation of insulin is not the thermodynamically most stable form. Indeed, insulin is forgone from pro- insulin, a single-chain precursor containing 33 additional residues. In pro-insulin, side 30 of the future B-chain of insulin is linked to the residue I of the future A-chain. S. Stretching a target (?Evil*-K-) A protease is an enzyme that catalysts the hydrolysis of peptide bonds of target proteins. How might a protease bind a target protein so that its main chain becomes fully extended in the vicinity of the vulnerable peptide bond? Mans: A segment of the main chain of the protease could hydrogen-bonded to the main chain Of the substrate to form an extended parallel or anti-parallel pair of strands. 6. Often irreplaceable Glycerin is a highly conserved amino acid residue in the evolution Of proteins. Why? Mans: Glycerin has the smallest side chain Of any amino acid. Its smallness often is critical in allowing polypeptide chains to make tight turns or to approach one another closely. 7. Potential partners . Identify the groups in a protein that can form hydrogen bonds or electrostatic bonds with an argentine side chain at pH 7. Mans: Glutamate, separate. The terminal carbonyl group can form salt bridges with the guanidine group of argentine. In addition, this group can be a hydrogen bond donor to the side chains of glutamine, aspirating, serine, throne, separate, and glutamate, and the main chain carbonyl. 8. Permanent waves . The shape Of hair is determined in part by the patterns of disulfide bonds in keratin, its major protein. How can curls be induced? Mans Disulfide bonds in hair are broken by adding a Athol and applying gentle heat. The hair is curled, and an oxidation agent is added to re-form disulfide bonds to stabilize the desired shape. Chapter 02 Exploring Proteins I _ Valuable reagents (E ?tit*J) . The following reagents are often used in protein chemistry: CNR Trying Dabs chloride urea Phenyl stationmaster AN HCI Performer acid ;-merchantable Inn hydride Chemotherapy Which one is the best suited for accomplishing each of the following tasks? A) Determination of the amino acid sequence of a small peptide. (b) Identification of the mainterminal residue of a peptide (of which you have less than O. 1 peg). (c) Reversible denomination of a protein devoid of disulfide bonds. Which additional reagent would you need if disulfide bonds were present? D) Hydrolysis Of peptide bonds on the carbonyl side Of lysine and aromatic residues. (e) Cleavage of peptide bonds on the carbonyl side of Mennonite. (f) Hydrolysis Of peptide bonds on the carbonyl side Of lysine and argentine residues. Mans: (a) Phenyl stationmaster. (b) Dandys chloride or dabs chloride. (c) Urea; p- recreational to reduce disulfide. (d) Chemotherapy. (e) CNR. (n Trying 2. Acid-base relations What is the ratio of base to acid at pH 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 for an acid with a peak of 6? Mans: 0. 01, 0. 1, 1. 10, and 100. 3. Finding an end . Anhydrous hydrazine (4) has been used to cleave peptide bonds in proteins. What are the reaction products? How might this technique be used to identify the carbonyl-terminal amino acid? Mans: Each amino acid residue, except the carbonyl-terminal one, gives rise to a hydrazine on reacting with hydrazine. The carbonyl-terminal residue can be identified because it yields a free amino acid. . Crafting a new breakthrough Ethylenes reacts with cytosine side chains in proteins to for S-inanimately derivatives. The peptide bonds on the carbonyl side of these modified cytosine residues are susceptible to hydrolysis by trying. Why? Mans: The S-indiscriminately side chain resembles that of lysine. The only difference is a sulfur atom in place of a methyl group. 5. Spectrometry . The absorbency A Of a solution is defined as A = log 10 (10/1) In Which 10 is the incident light intensity and I is the transmitted light intensity. The absorbency is related to the molar absorption coefficient (extinction efficient E (in CM. L WI), concentration c (in M), and path length (in CM) by The absorption coefficient of mycologist at Mann is 15000 CM. L WI . What is the absorbency of a elm/ml solution across a I-CM path? What percentage of the incident light is transmitted by this solution? Mans: A elm/ml solution of mycologist (1 7. kid) corresponds to 5. Xx-S M. The absorbency to a I-CM path length is 0. 84, which corresponds to an 10/1 ratio of 6. 96, Hence 144% of the incident light is transmitted. 6. A slow mover . Transmission, a 93-kid muscle protein, sediments more slowly than does hemoglobin (asked). Their sedimentation efficient are ASS and 4. AS respectively. Which structural features of transmission accounts for its slow sedimentation? Mans Transmission is rod shaped, whereas hemoglobin is approximately spherical. 7. Sediments spheres _ What is the dependence of the sedimentation coefficient S of a spherical protein on its mass? How much more rapidly does an 80-kid protein sediment than does a 40-kid protein? Mans: The frictional coefficient f as well as the mass m determines S. Specifically, f is proportional to r. Hence, figs proportional to ml and so S is proportional to mm/3. An 80-kid spherical protein sediments 1. 9 times as rapidly as a 40- kid spherical protein. 8 Size estimate . The relative electrophoresis nobilities off 30-kid protein and a 32-kid protein used as standards on an SO- polysaccharide gel are 0. 80 and 0. 41 , respectively. What is the apparent mass Of a protein having a mobility of 0. 2 on this gel? Mans: kid. (plotting the mobility against the value Of log MM Of the two known proteins, and then find the apparent amass of the unknown protein) 9. A new partnership? ) The gene encoding a protein with a single disulfide bond difference undergoes a mutation that changes a serine residue into a cytosine residue. You want to find out whether the disulfide pairing in this mutant is the same as in the original protein. Propose an experiment to directly answer this question, Mans: The positions of disulfide bonds can be determined by diagonal electrophoresis. The disulfide pairing is unaltered by the mutation if the off-diagonal peptides forded from the native and mutant proteins are the same. 10, Helix-coil transitions (a) Circular diachronic measurements have shown that poly-L-lysine is a random coil at pH but becomes a-helical as the pH is raised above I C. Account for this pH-dependent conformational transition. B) Predict the pH dependence of the helix-coil transition of poly-L-stimulate. Mans: (a) Electrostatic repulsion between positively charged E-amino groups prevents a-helix formation at pH 7. At pH 10, the side chains become depredation, allowing a-helix formation. (b)Poly-L-glutamate is a random coil at pH 7 and becomes a-helical below pH 4. 5 because the V-carboxylic groups become propionate. 11. Sorting cells . Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACTS, is a powerful technique for separating cells according to their content of particular molecules. For example, a fluorescent-labeled antibody specific for a cell-surface protein an he used to detect cells containing such molecules. Suppose that you want to isolate cells that possess a receptor enabling them to detect bacterial degradation products. However, you do not yet have an antibody directed against this receptor. Which fluorescent-labeled molecule would you prepare to identify such cells? Mans: A fluorescent-labeled derivative of a bacterial degradation product (e. G. A fermentation peptide) would bind to cells containing the receptor of interest. 12. Mirror images (skis#) . Suppose that a protease is synthesized by the solid-phase method from D rather than L amino acids. How would the sedimentation, electrophoresis and circular diachronic properties of this enzyme compare with those of the native form? What prediction can you make about the relation of peptide substrates of the D and L enzymes? Mans: The sedimentation and electrophoresis properties of the L enzyme and the mirror-image D form would be the same. The circular dichotomies spectra would have the same magnitude but Of opposite sign because the two Structures have opposite stew- sense. Peptide substrates that are mirror images of one another would be cleaved at the same rate by the L and D enzymes. 13. Peptides on a chip Large numbers of different peptides can be synthesized in a small area on a solid support. This high-density array can then be probed With a fluorescent-labeled protein to find out which peptides are recognized. The binding of an antibody to an array of 1024 different peptides occupying a total area of a thumbnail. How would you synthesize such a peptide array? (Hint: use light instead of acid to depreciate the terminal amino group in each round of synthesis). Mans: Light was used to direct the synthesis these peptides. Each amino acid added to the solid support contained a obtainable protecting group instead of t-Boca protecting group at its a-amino group. Illumination of selected regions of the solid support led to the release of the protecting group, which exposed the amino groups in these sites to make them reactive. The pattern of masks used in these illuminations and the sequence of reagents define the ultimate products and their locations. Chapter 03 DNA and RNA: Molecules of Heredity Complements . Write the complementary sequence ( in the standard 5 -?3 notation) (a) GOTCHA Mans: (a) TACT ( b) TACT (b) GTAG (c) ACTING (d) TACT and (d) TAIGA 2. Compositional constraint The composition (in mole fraction units) f one of the strands of a double-helical DNA is [A] = 0. 0 and [G] =024 (a) What can you say about [T] and [C] for the same strand? (b) What can you say about [A], [T], and [C) of the complementary strand? Mans: (a) -0. 46 (b) [C] and -0. 46 3. Lost DNA DNA) . The DNA Of a deletion mutant Of A bacteriologic has a length of PRNG instead of 17 GM. How many bas pairs are missing from this mutant? Mans: 5882 base pairs 4. An unseen pattern What result would Mesons and Stall have obtained if the replication of DNA were conservative (i. E. , the parental double helix stayed together)? Give the expected distribution of DNA molecules after 1. And 2. Generations for conservative replication. Mans: In conservative replication, after 1. 0 generation, one half of the molecules would be INN-INN, the other half INN-INN. After 2. 0 generations, one quarter of the molecules would be INN-INN, the other three quarters IAN-INN. Hybrid 14 N-SIN molecules would not be observed in conservative replication. 5. A fortunate circumstance Griffith used heat-killed S pneumatic to transform R. Mutants. Studies years later showed that the double-stranded DNA is needed for efficient transformation and that high temperatures melt the DNA double helix. Why were Griffith experiments breathless successful? Mans: The DNA reentered when the heat-killed pneumatic were cooled before they were injected into mice. 6. A matter Of competence Strains of Bacillus subsists that can be transformed by foreign DNA are termed competent. Others, termed incompetent, are insusceptible to transformation. How might theses strains differ from each other? Mans: Incompetent strains may not be able to take up DNA Alternatively, they may have potent deoxyribonucleic, or they may not be able to integrate fragments of DNA into their genome. 5 7. A propitious choice . Bacteriologic MUM infects E. Coli differently room the way bacteriologic T 2 does, The MI 3 protein coat is removed in the inner membrane of the bacterial cell, where it is sequestered and subsequently used for the development of progeny DNA_ Why would MI 3 have been much less suitable than TO was for the experiments carried out by Hershey and Chase? Mans: In the Hershey-Chase experiment, ASS-Babied T 2 viral proteins did not become incorporated into infected cells. The labeled viral proteins were found in the supernatant when infected cells were centrifuged. In contrast, MI 3 proteins become embedded in the inner membrane of infected cells; they would appear in he pellet rather than the supernatant after centrifugation. Hershey and Chase would not have been able to separate MI? Into genetic and nonmagnetic parts, as they did for TO_ 8. Tagging DNA DNA) . (a) Suppose that you want to radioactively label DNA but not RNA in dividing and growing bacterial cells. Which radioactive molecule would you add to the culture medium? (b)Suppose that you want to prepare DNA in Which the backbone phosphorus atoms are uniformly labeled with APP. Which precursors should be added to a solution containing DNA polymerase and primed template DNA? Specify the position of the radioactive atoms in these precursors. Mans: (a) titrated thymine or titrated thymine. (b) adapt, get, duct, and http labeled with APP in the innermost (a) phosphorus atom, 9. Finding a template A solution contains polymerase and the MGM+ salts of ADAPT, get, duct and http. The DNA molecules listed below are added in aliquots of this solution. Which of them would lead to DNA synthesis? (a) A single-stranded closed circle containing COO nucleotide units. B) A double stranded closed circle containing 1000 nucleotide pairs. (c) A single-stranded closed circle of 1000 nucleotide base paired to a linear strand of SO nucleotide with a free 3-OH terminus. D) A double-stranded linear molecule of 1000 nucleotide pairs with a free 3 OH at each end. Mans: Molecules (a) and (b) would not lead to DNA synthesis because they lack a 3-OH group (a primmer Molecule (d) has a free 3-OH at one end of each strand but no template strand beyond. Only (c) would lead to DNA synthesis. 10. The right start . Suppose that you want to assay reverse transcripts activity. If plenipotentiary is the template in the assay, What should you use as the primer? Which radioactive nucleotide should you use to follow chain elongation? Mans: A declaratively electioneered should be used s the primer. The poly (A) template specifies the incorporation of EDT; hence, radioactive http should be used in the assay. 11. Essential degradation . Reverse transcripts has ribonucleic activity as well as polymerase activity. What is the role of its ribonucleic activity? Mans: The ribonucleic serves to degrade the RNA strand, a necessary step in forming duplex DNA 6 from the RNA-DNA hybrid. 2. Virus hunting . You have purified a virus that infects turnip leaves, Treatment of a sample with phenol removes viral proteins. Application to the residual material to scraped leaves results in the formation to progeny iris particles. You infer that the infectious substance is a nucleic acid, propose a simple and highly sensitive means of determining whether the infectious nucleic acid is DNA or RNA_ Mans: treat one aliquot of the sample with ribonucleic and another with deoxyribonucleic Test these nuclease-treated samples for ineffectively 13. Mutagen consequences Spontaneous denomination of cytosine bases in DNA occurs at low but measurable frequency. Cytosine is converted to oracular by loss of its amino group. After this conversion, which base pair occupies this position in each of the daughter strands resulting from one mound of replication? Two rounds of replication? Mans: Denomination changes the original GO base pair into a GIG pair. After one round Of replication, one daughter duplex will contain a GO pair, and the other duplex an A-U pair. After NON rounds Of replication, there would be two GO pairs, one AU pair, and one A- T pair. 4. Eons ago . The atmosphere of the primitive earth before the emergence of life contained NZ NH, H2O, HCI, CO. And H2O. Which of these compounds is the most likely precursor of most of the atoms in adenine? Why? Mans: Hydrogen cyanide. Adenine can be viewed as a pentameter of HCI. 15. Information content a) How many different 8. Mere sequences of DNA are there? B) How many bits of information are stored in an 8-Mere DNA sequence? In the E. Coli genome? In the human genome? C) Compare each of these values with the amount of information that can be stored on a personal computer diskette. A byte is equal to 8 bits. Mans: (a) 48=65536, In computer terminology, there are ASK 8-mere of DNA. (b) A bit specifies two bases (say, A and C) and a second bit specifies the other two (G and T), Hence, two bits are needed to specify a single nucleotide (or base pair) in DNA For example, 00, 01, 10, and 11, could encode A, C, G, and T. An 8-Mere stores 16-bits (216=65536), the E. Coli genome I Cab) stores chick bits, and the human genome (2. Xx bases) stores 5. 8* 109 bits of genetic information. (c) A high-density diskette stores about I . 5 megabytes, Vichy is equal to I . Chick bits. A large number of 8-Mere sequences could be stored on such a diskette. The DNA sequence Of E. Coli, once known, could be written on a single diskette. Nearly 500 diskettes would be needed to record the human DNA sequence. Chapter 04 Plow Of Genetic Information 1. Key polymerases . Compare DNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase from E. Oil in regard to each Of the following features: (a) Activated precursors. (b) Direction of chain elongation. (c) Conservation of the template. (d) Need for a primer. Mans: (a) Deoxyribonucleic troposphere versus ribonucleic troposphere. (b) 5 , 3 tort both. C) Semiconscious tort DNA polymerase l, conserved for RNA polymerase. (d) DNA polymerase needs a primer, whereas RNA polymerase does not. 2. Encoded sequences (a) Write the sequence of the Mrs. molecule synthesized from a DNA template strand having the sequence 5-ATTACKING-3 (b) What amino acid sequence is encoded by the following base sequence of an RNA molecule? Assume that the reading frame starts at the 5 end. 5 UlJGCCUAGUGAUUGGAUG-3 (c) What is the sequence of the polypeptide formed on addition of poly (ILIAC) to a cell free protein synthesizing system? Mans: (a) 5-SAGACIOUS-3; (b) Lee-Pro-seer-Asp-Trip-Met. C) Poly (Lee-Lee- Thru-Try) 3. A tougher chain RNA is readily hydrolysis by alkali, whereas DNA is not. Why? Mans: The 2-OH group in RNA acts as an intermolecular catalyst. In the alkaline hydrolysis of RNA, it forms a 2, 3- cyclic intermediate. 4. A potent How does correction (X) (3 dissensions, 3 -EN, BE) block the synthesis of RNA? Mans: Correction terminates RNA synthesis. An RNA chain containing correction lacks a 3-OH group. 5. Silent RNA (In RNA) . The code word EGG could not be deciphered in the same way as was LOLLS, ICC, and AAA because poly (G) does not act as a template. Poly (G) forms a triple-stranded helical structure. Why is it an ineffective template? Mans: Only single-stranded RNA can serve as a template for protein synthesis. 6. Two from one( -? Z). Shoran synthesized by organic- chemical methods two complementary deconstructionists, each with nine residues: d (TACT)3 and d (GTAG)3. Partially overlapping duplexes that formed on axing these elocutionists then served as templates for the synthesis by DNA polymerase of long, repeating double helical DNA chains. The next step was to obtain long plenipotentiaries chains with a sequence complementary to only one of the two DNA strands. How did he obtain only poly (LAG) Only poly (GUY)? Mans: Incubation with RNA polymerase and only LIT, TAP, and ACT led to the synthesis Of only poly (LILAC). Only poly (GILA) was formed when GET was used in place of ACT. 7. Back to the bench . A protein chemist told a molecular geneticist that he had found a new mutant hemoglobin in Which separate replaced lysine. The molecular geneticist expressed surprise and sent his friend scurrying back to the laboratory. (a) Why was the the molecular geneticist dubious about the reported amino acid substitutions? B) Which amino acid substitution would have been more palatable to the molecular geneticist? Mans: (a) A code for lysine cannot be changed to one for separate by the mutation of a single nucleotide. (b) Rag. Assn, Glen, Lie, Met, or Thru. B. Triple entendre . The RNA transcript of a region offs phage DNA contains the sequence 5-?MANAGUA-3. This sequence encodes three different polypeptides, What are they? Mans: A peptide terminating with Lays (CIA is a stop code), -Assn-Glue-, and -Met- Raga_ Valuable synonyms . Proteins generally have low contents of Met and Trip, intermediate ones of His and Sys, and high ones of Lee and Seer. What is the relationship between the number of godsons of an amino acid and its frequency of occurrence in proteins? What might be the selective advantage of the relation? Mans: Highly abundant amino acid residues have the most godsons (e. G. Lee and Seer each have six), whereas the least abundant ones have the fewest (Met and Trip each have only one). Degeneracy allows (a) variation in base composition and b) decreases the likelihood that a substitution of a base will change the encoded amino acid. Fifth degeneracy were equally distributed, each of the 20 amino acids would have three godsons. Benefits (a) and (b) are maximized by assigning more godsons to prevalent amino acids than to less frequently used ones. 10. A new translation A transfer RNA With a GU indication is enigmatically conjugated to ICC-labeled cytosine. The cytosine unit is then chemically modified to Elaine. The altered Nicolay-tarn is added to a protein- synthesizing system containing normal components except for this tarn. The Mrs. added to this mixture contains the following sequence: 5-UUUUGCCAUGUUUGUGCU-3 What is the sequence of the corresponding irredeemable peptide? Mans: Pee. Sys. His-Vial-Ala-Ala 11. Fire and ice (*SAA) . Valise is specified by four godsons. How might the relative frequencies of their usage in an alga isolated from a volcanic hot spring differ trot those of an alga isolated trot an Antarctic bay? Mans: GU and GUY are likely to be used more by the algae from the hot springs to increase the melting temperature of its DNA 12. Eons apart The amino acid sequences off yeast protein and human protein carrying out the same function are found to be 60% identical.

Jimmy - Racism Essays - Discrimination, Hatred, Racism, Free Essays

Jimmy - Racism Essays - Discrimination, Hatred, Racism, Free Essays Jimmy - Racism The sizzling streams of sunlight were just beautifully glimmering down on the crisp green school yard. Such a wonderful day that was. Nothing could have ruined it. Little Jimmy, since it was such a wonderful day decided to go to the corner store and buy himself a little treat. As little Jimmy started walking over to the store, clouds flocked over the dazzling sun and the sudden pitch dark meant no trouble. On the other side of the road were three white boys from Jimmy's same school. Upon recognizing Jimmy, the boys ran over the street to where he was. Hey Negro, what's up?, one of the white Boy said. Did your mamma pack you enough to eat to-day?, another hooted. Just leave me alone., Little Jimmy said Oh no, Jimmy's really getting pist off!?, the first boy retaliated. Just shove off and let me be, Jimmy answered. It is like this everyday, everywhere, and everytime, people suffer discrimination. All because they have differences amongst each other. Different beliefs, different cultures, different skin colour, all of these act like building blocks to help construct what we know as Racism. Racism has become one of the many burdens amongst multi-cultural worlds like Canada and the States. Racism is a part of each and every one of us. No doubt, we are all racist, but this the term racism has been used too loosely. Racism has been mutated to such an extent that it could be a reason for war, a symbol of terrorism, and even an excuse for neglecting. Is that all there is to it? No, actually it is just the beginning. Racism is just like warfare in which there is no shelter and nobody is neutral. Nobody is exempt from this demon. He has haunted us with a bitter curse. On one occasion I remember, nobody would play with me at school. I would walk around by myself and ask people if we could play together. Everywhere that I went, like the process of induction, everyone would avoid me. Like two inducted poles with the same polarity, they would just shimmer off into the distance and continue to do whatever they're doing. Because of racial differences, they neglect me. People are afraid of the unknown, and it is this difference amongst people that spread rumors and distrust amongst people. Corrupting our thoughts and reasons, we get accustomed to thinking differences are omens. Amongst smaller kids, there is no difficulty in getting them to all play together. There thoughts are not totally corrupted as others. Probably the demon has no time to bother with smaller children. As children start to grow up, their knowledge of the world increases in astronomical figures. They start to mature and realize the barbarous aspects of life. When this knowledge reaches to a certain point, the demon like racism comes after them. The child begins to understand the term racism and is encouraged to use it in part of there everyday speech. Then when one walks around the school ground, you wouldn't see children from different ethnic groups playing together. They have become insoluble to each other and will never then mix again. Interaction between each other thus terminates. Nobody benefits from this kind of behavior except for the demon that haunts us. Racism, like the demonic figure it has imposed on us is the reason for distrust, disloyal, and discrimination amongst each and every one of us.

Child Labor In Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Child Labor In Business - Essay Example These are consistency and universalisability as well as human dignity. The maxim of consistency and universalisability requires individuals within business enterprises to act in correspondence with the maxim while the maxim of human dignity requires fair treatment of humanity â€Å"as an end instead of a means to an end† (Makkreel and Luft 47). This conjecture offers a basis for the progress of extensive and honorable rules that can effectively guide the operations of a business enterprise in terms of ethical considerations. For example, it can guide an organisation to make laws and codes of conduct based on the 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. This declaration calls for the effective closing down of institutions abusing child labor. The philosophical interpretations of this theory are applicable when addressing the malpractice of child labor in business because it is majorly concerned with goodwill as the rational motivation for human beings. In essence, business managers who subscribe to this theory will understand that children are rational human beings who should be motivated by the good will of education, care, play and treatment instead of exposure to inhuman treatment of child labor. Besides, the theory highlights the need for respect, human rights and equality for all. This is in contrast to the ideals of child labor where children are exposed to harsh treatment. Extensively overworking anybody including a child has adverse and detrimental effects on the health, psychological, physical and welfare of the child (Makkreel and Luft 47). Child labor within businesses is enormous and complex. Kantianism faces several shortcomings as it tries to address these shortcomings. This is because the theory assumes that humans are... This essay stresses that child labor within businesses is enormous and complex. Kantianism faces several shortcomings as it tries to address these shortcomings. This is because the theory assumes that humans are independent rational beings. However, this is false children because the factors that drive children into child labor are beyond their control. Children lack the capacity to make appropriate decisions, and lack independence to support their choices. This report makes a conclusion that business managers can eliminate child labour by focusing on the act of utilitarianism and the rule of utilitarianism. In the act of utilitarianism, it is necessary to review the consequences of individual actions and calculate its usefulness during performance. The rule of justice operates â€Å"under the veil of ignorance† and demands that each individual should enjoy equal rights. The resultant liberties should match the related liberty systems for other people. In this regard, the social and economic inequalities need correction to address the needs of the disadvantaged and provide equal and fair opportunities to everyone. This is especially the case in positions or offices where people seek services. Based on this understanding, the social contract theory is applicable in business organisations that lack existing regulations that encourage the growth of child labour. The application of social contract theory will ensure that business org anisations consider the rights and justices.